The combination of high phosphorus intakes with low calcium intakes increases serum PTH levels, but evidence is mixed on whether the increased hormone levels decrease bone mineral density. In addition, phosphorus and calcium make up hydroxyapatite, the main structural component in bones and tooth enamel. Phosphorus and calcium are interrelated because hormones, such as vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH), regulate the metabolism of both minerals. Phosphorus undergoes passive absorption in the small intestine, although some is absorbed by active transport. Because human intestines lack the phytase enzyme, much phosphorus in this form is unavailable for absorption. However, phosphorus in seeds and unleavened breads is in the form of phytic acid, the storage form of phosphorus. Many different types of foods contain phosphorus, mainly in the form of phosphates and phosphate esters. Of this amount, 85% is in bones and teeth, and the other 15% is distributed throughout the blood and soft tissues. In humans, phosphorus makes up about 1 to 1.4% of fat-free mass. ![]() In addition, phosphorus plays key roles in regulation of gene transcription, activation of enzymes, maintenance of normal pH in extracellular fluid, and intracellular energy storage. Many proteins and sugars in the body are phosphorylated. In the form of phospholipids, phosphorus is also a component of cell membrane structure and of the body’s key energy source, ATP. Phosphorus is a component of bones, teeth, DNA, and RNA. ![]() Phosphorus, an essential mineral, is naturally present in many foods and available as a dietary supplement. ![]() For a reader-friendly overview of Phosphorus, see our consumer fact sheet on Phosphorus. This is a fact sheet intended for health professionals.
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